The development of new techniques for the detection of metals in pharmaceutical formulations has become increasingly important in recent years. The need for sensitive and reliable methods for the determination of Bi(III) and Al(III) in pharmaceutical samples has led to the synthesis of a new organic probe known as 4-(4 Acetamidophenylazo) Pyrogallol (4-APAP). This new probe offers a simple, sensitive, and versatile approach for the spectrophotometric determination of Bi(III) and Al(III) in pharmaceutical formulations.
The synthesis of 4-APAP involved the coupling of pyrogallol in a regulated pH medium with diazotized p-aminoacetanilide. The compound was characterized using a range of techniques, including FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and thermal analysis (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry). Solvatochromic activity was also studied in solvents with different polarities.
The Kamlet and Taft linear solvation energy relationship was used to correlate shifts in UV-Visible spectra of 4-APAP with Kamlet-Taft parameters. The optimum assay conditions showed linearity from 0.313 to 0.511 gmL 1 for Bi(III) and Al(III), respectively. Molar absorptivity values were 3.365 10 4 and 0.356 10 4 Lmol 1 cm 1 for Bi(III) and Al(III), respectively, with similar Sandell's sensitivity measures of 0.006 and 0.008 gcm 2 . Detection limits and quantification limits were 0.013 and 0.043 gmL 1 for Bi(III), respectively, and 0.018 and 0.059 gmL 1 for Al(III) with the relative standard deviation for determination of both metal ions using 4-APAP probe being <2.0%.
The validity, accuracy, and efficiency of the approaches were demonstrated by the determination of Bi(III) and Al(III) in different formulations (removing brand names). The new probe showed promising results and could be considered for further use in practical applications.
Pyrogallol Color Keywords
Pyrogallol, a chemical compound with the formula C6H3(OH)3, is a pale yellow to orange-brown crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent and is used in the synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, and photographic developers.
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